Deep learning

article on AI for education

AI 會讓我們更聰明還是更愚笨?答案在於教育 

Nigel P. Daly & Yung-Chun Chang, translated by Matt Chen (Published in the Liberty Times; https://talk.ltn.com.tw/article/paper/1587839) 我們可能沒有意識到,我們仰賴AI來獲得樂趣與消遣。不論臉書貼文、亞馬遜商品、Netflix影片,AI演算法都在猜測我們喜好,「餵食」我們想要看的內容, 它們已然成為我們簡易「興奮劑」。  教育者們現在開始想知道,像ChatGPT或聯發科的「台灣 GPT」[1],這些AI聊天機器人, 能否為學生成為一個有同等教育效力,同時輕鬆又快速的一劑「興奮劑」?  以我們的觀點來說,如果沒有新的「智慧教育」,我們會讓AI演算法越變越聰明,而我們卻愈加愚笨。  近幾個月,教育工作者一直在深思三種方法,來應對這種迫在眉睫的AI威脅,包含禁止AI聊天機器人、放任發展什麼都不做,或是結合與接納AI的使用,明顯可見,前兩種方式都有潛在弊端  儘管一些學校已經主動禁止學生使用ChatGPT [2],但學生仍可透過各種方法使用AI聊天機器人並躲避偵測,第二種方式選擇忽略了一個實質的傷害,那就是若不加以約束AI,可能會對學生的思維發展造成影響,他們可能會將心智努力(mental effort)和學習外包給人工智慧。   但第三個選擇雖然承認了所有問題點,但同時也認可AI能有增強人類智慧的可能性。  AI危險性  ChatGPT、Bing Chat和Google Bard這類型的人工智慧聊天機器人,都有潛在危險性,這些聊天機器人使用著大規模的語言模型,以及進階的自然語言處理系統,提供使用者擁有正確且流利的文字語句,創意性的回覆更是讓人驚嘆連連。  AI聊天機器人不僅在撰寫文章、解數學題目、為讀物與書籍提供摘要,甚至能夠編寫程式語言,許多表現都優於大部分人類。  很多人將會經不起誘惑,想要把動腦以及創意思考外包給AI,但這將使我們變得更愚蠢,就如同在各種科技中的AI,不斷「推薦」讓我們陷入永無止盡誘人內容。在爭奪注意力戰爭中,我們已經潰不成軍,也正在失去獨立思考能力。  再來是AI的完美「幻覺」。AI聊天機器人的回應,看起來有很有可信度,但實際上AI回覆很可能帶著錯誤。事實上,最近一份關於GPT4的微軟報告指出,很多種問題詢問的錯誤率約30% 。  若學生不自行驗證結論,他們發生錯誤風險恐怕高達三分之一,光是學生們自欺欺人就已經夠糟糕了,試想越來越多AI生成的內容充斥在新聞、部落格、Youtube影片和社群媒體的貼文會是什麼樣子?錯誤的訊息將會急遽激增並成長。  所有人,包括小學生,都必須了解這些AI陷阱。  所以人類在哪些方面優於AI呢?  雖然AI擅長大數據分析,在穩定系統中進行圖形識別,但人類更擅長推理和處理全新且不穩定的狀況,有許多事態需要依靠人類判斷來解釋其中意涵。  雖然人類的判斷不完美,也經常因人而異,但人類在經過數千小時隱性學習,反映了人們在特定情況下,能解讀深層含意及回應未來趨勢,這些都仰賴人腦的理性及感性。  相較之下,AI系統通常被程式設計成尋找最理性和高效的解決方案或解答,而不會考量人類的心理層面影響。  在人工智慧時代的「智慧教育」   「智慧教育」將善加利用與理解人類與人工智慧。  傳統教育體系,特別是基於考試的體系(例如台灣),著重於低階思考能力,如理解、記憶和應用,這種「淺層學習」模式源自於工業經濟模式,主要目的在於生產工廠工人,同時也能用以篩選成績較好學生,作為少數大學教授和白領專業人才,例如醫生、律師和工程師。  這種教育模式已無法支持知識經濟型態,當今社會中,大部分的工作者並非工廠藍領,許多白領工作者,如法律專家和放射科醫師等,都處於被AI取代邊緣,AI能更有效率且準確運作。  現今的教育需要培養能夠應對快速變化環境的人才,這些知識工作者需要具備認知效率高、適應力強、學習迅速、能夠協作與解決問題,並且具有良好溝通能力的特質。培養這些能力需要更深層的學習,例如問題導向和探究導向的學習,鼓勵學生探索、理解和發展解決方案。  深度學習可以透過AI聊天機器人來增強,AI機器人不僅能幫助學生吸收知識,還可以學習如何提問並進行引導式對話,以便達到理解和解決問題的目的。學生可以透過向AI聊天機器人,尋求越多越好的解釋和範例,以幫助他們更明白難題。  隨著個人好奇心,提出正確問題,是科學研究過程的核心,也是有效使用AI的關鍵。然而不幸的是,台灣的教育系統並沒有教導學生如何正確提問。如果一定要說的話,台灣的教育系統甚至不鼓勵問問題,好奇心往往被考試和淺層學習扼殺掉。  但提出問題是了解如何分析困難的第一步。在這之後,學生需要評估答案並迭代知識和理解的層次,以創造出創新和有用的解決方式。這種與AI的「智慧聊天」是個需要在學校中,正式教授和實踐的一項技能。  隨著學生學習如何運用AI科技來增強他們的淺層和深層認知能力,他們將同時培養其獨特的人類判斷技能,以選擇妥善的開放式社會情境,採用正確的解決方式,同時運用良好的協作和溝通能力,分享這些經驗。  人類面臨著不少的全球危機,全球暖化、人口過剩、基因工程、數據隱私、糧食供應、擴張主義戰爭、政治極化和人工智慧等,我們不能讓自己變得更愚笨。  我們希望台灣的教育體系能變得更加智慧,幫助我們的年輕一代學習如何控制和利用AI的力量,以發展超越人類的智慧,以解決這些危機。

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